According to Logical Positivists, agent's reason in his action causes that action; and explanation of action by reason is causal and so is lawful. On the other hand, Wittgenstein and Wittgensteinians deny that reasons could be causes, and maintain that the explanation of action by reason is merely rational, not causal. Davidson's causal theory of action is a middle position, for on the one hand maintains that reasons cause actions, and on the other hand, denies that the relation between reason and action could be lawful. According to Davidson, explanation of action by reason is both rational and causal.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

The question of what and how voluntary action is one of the important topics of the philosophy of action. Among all the Islamic thinkers, Allameh Tabataba'i has stood out from other wisdom and wisdom with his extensive and special opinions about the process of human activity. This article has examined his point of view on this issue from three angles; What is optional verb and its relationship with volitional verb, division and classification of verbs and bases of issuing verbs.The present article, which has been carried out using the library method and the fundamental analysis of themes, makes it clear that Allameh Tabatabaei defines the optional verb with effective knowledge and will, and with this criterion, he considers the verbs with intent, with premeditation, and with intent as different categories of optional verbs, all of which They are common in acknowledging necessity, passion and will. Allameh's distinguishing point in the discussion about the principles of the formation of action is that, firstly, he considers the science that is the origin of action to be the knowledge of knowledge, which is based on the recognition of perfection. And thirdly, he did not consider science as the true origin of actions, but considered it as a function of the ego and sensual attention of man, and considers science as the only necessary and complementary condition for issuing action.

Many teachers have been introduced to the application of constructional philosophy in teaching during the past two decades; many have replaced traditional teaching methods with the new methods resulting from the application of constructional philosophy in teaching. Nowadays, in the post behaviorism and post-developmental psychology era, the necessity for applying constructional philosophy to education is widely accepted and understood. Yet, the implication and the use of constructional philosophy for teaching and learning different subjects, has its own problems, disorders and ambiguities. The cases in use for constructivism have not been clear enough for teachers and experts to understand their meaning in relation to teaching and learning.In this article, innate orientation for learning could be considered as a more vivid, more complete, and more evident alternative for constructivism. It is claimed that this theory, far from disadvantages of constructivism, could take the innate capacity of learners as an incentive for all educational efforts including the learning of different subjects and curriculum branches, and deepen the effects of education.This article with a short introduction provides a background for the innate oriented model of teaching as a substitute for teacher- and content-oriented teaching practices. It introduces and lists critical features discovered based on some related theoretical fields. To operationalize the listed features, it introduces four families of models of teaching and paves the way for their use. To clarify the feasibility of the introduced method for use in teaching and its evolutionary role in education, a few samples of research carried out at different educational levels are explained. These research projects focus on a study of of 3rd and 4th grade science teachings at the elementary level, 5thgrade geography lessons teaching, English and Arabic lessons teaching at the 1st grade of guidance school, and teaching reading and writing at the 1st grade of elementary school. The article ends with some suggestions and recommendations.Applied results of the introduced method in this document are listed using certain statistical evidences, which include: the effect of more than two standard deviations or a difference of more than 80% in grades obtained compared to those of the control groups. These results support the explained model of teaching and ensure its success in practice. We, therefore, desire students' full individual development based on their innate abilities and educational cognition in classrooms where the innate model of teaching is put into practice.

Proof of ownership litigation in the various stages of property registration, there are rules about how to register such property, which must be taken into account, especially in real estate, which is subject to legal requirements and formalities and such a request cannot be accepted absolutely in all immovable property with a single shape and quality. Action for ownership Proof is one of civil action that there are many differences of verdicts about accepting or rejecting it in legal authorities ,so that some of courts has accepted action for ownership Proof based on precedent No. 569 dated Dec.31,1991 of General Board of Supreme Court of Iran and believe that Legal obligation of owner to demand for their self-property registration in part which Public registration of real estate is advertised , not prevented that courts of justice adjudicate about disputes over property ownership and in some of courts avoid from such action by virtue of article 22,46,47 and 48 of Real Property Law and contents of precedent No. 672 dated Dec.21,2004 of General Board of Supreme Court of Iran and also contents law of course to pursue land without official deed. In present article , we review proof of ownership is basically devoid of description of the claim and opposition to the principle or appearance and it is merely a form of litigation that the courts are not the reference of the preparation of the case. The authority to declare ownership of immovable property is the registration authorities.

This research on quantum machine learning (QML) represents the culmination of a thorough investigation spanning four months and drawing upon insights from more than 20 reputable scholarly articles. Quantum machine learning stands at the convergence of quantum computing and machine learning, offering a unique avenue to revolutionize traditional algorithms by leveraging principles from quantum mechanics. This abstract delves into the foundational aspects of QML, elucidating key components such as qubits, quantum gates, superposition, and entanglement. Additionally, it explores various QML algorithms, including quantum neural networks, quantum support vector machines, and quantum clustering, which exploit quantum properties to tackle intricate computational challenges. The abstract further discusses the wide spectrum of applications where QML holds promise, ranging from quantum chemistry and optimization problems to cryptography and big data analysis. Despite the considerable potential, QML confronts obstacles such as scalability issues, noise, and error correction. To surmount these hurdles and unlock the full potential of quantum machine learning, sustained research efforts and collaborative endeavours are imperative, poised to drive transformative advancements across diverse industries.